Ethics

1.  Does an ethics for the environment require a new moral theoreticalframework
 There is a need to extend the moral theoretical framework of environmental ethics to contain the radical changes in human life as a result of advancement in technology. The Utilitarianism, Kantianism, and Virtue theory can ground ethics for the environment. However issues such as advancements in technology, cultural diversity, and lack of moral rules require extension of moral theoretical framework to enhance unbiased theory in environmental ethics.

2. Are ethical utterances truth-apt Why or why not
Ethical utterances are neither true, nor false. They are emotive and there is no evidence to show they state facts. In efforts to argue this, philosophers have cited what is considered to characterize ethical utterances. The ethical utterances take the form of someone is wrong, right, good, bad, wicked or virtuous. The linguistic meaning of such utterances is emotive and it is unplaisable. The utterances express the emotion of the individual making the statement, and they are made to evoke the emotion of the readers or listeners of the utterance. This means that these utterances are used to express the emotion of the person making the statement. They depend on the purpose which contributed to the uttering and the purpose of its non-cognitive effect. Logically, it is not possible for any individual to see have obligation without motivation. Internalism determines behavior, and ethical utterances involve internalism in the person making the statement, and the person making judgment. Ethical utterances are considered to be the individuals will influencing motives and the serve as the ground for judging value. . Believing a fact does not mean one is motivated to do it, however believing a fact encourages motivation. This means that believing on something is not a motive to act, but attitude is holding ethical review, and it means being motivated.

3. Conditions for raising chickens on factory farms
The conditions of raising either chickens or cows in factory farm involve confining them at high stock density in a factory in order to produce for human consumption. Confinement encourages spread of pests and diseases in the confined population. To reduce the spread constant use of pesticides and antibiotics is required. The antibiotics kill the intestinal bacteria, thus stimulating the growth of livestock in the factories. To produce large amounts at low cost in such factories modern machinery and biotechnology is applied. Factory farming compromises environmental ethic, animal health and welfare.

According to deontologist, the virtue and the utilitarian theorists confining animals denies the animals their rights in moral community. In this case the animals are reduced terms, instead of being considered as ends  similar to humans.

4. Intrinsic value and the significance of its concept in environmental ethics
Intrinsic value is considered to be the value which something has, or which the thing has for its own sake. The concept of intrinsic value is considered crucial in moral judgment of the environment ethic by all theories. This is used in environmental ethic to determine if various actions are morally right or wrong. This analysis is based the fact that the intrinsic consequences need to be better than other actions in a similar circumstances. To determine what is good or bad in the environment the intrinsic value of the consequence need to be analyzed. Intrinsic value is also involved with moral justice judgments. To make judgment on moral virtues or vices, intrinsic value is involved. Since the environmental ethics involves the relation between both the human and the non-human intrinsic value need to be considered in both the human and non human beings.   Human are the only creature considered to have intrinsic values. Non-human beings exhibit instrumental values. To differentiate creatures with intrinsic from those with instrumental those with intrinsic value is able to recognize what is bad, opportunity, incentives and liberty. Intrinsic value is important in environmental ethics as it helps human to respect the non human in order to live happily in the environment. This is connected with the fact that only individuals from the same species can determine the intrinsic value of one another. Human can only determine human value or rather the rationality, and chimpanzee the intrinsic value of chimpanzee.

5. Non-human animals are full-fledged members of our moral community
 According to Singer and Regan, non-human creatures should be moral equals with humans in the moral community. According to Regan animals sharing the environment with humans need to have equal consideration. Qualification to be a member of the moral community, involves either subject life or possession of inherent value through satisfaction of minimal requirements of moral duty. Despite the fact that animals have little mental capabilities their possession of life should make them qualify to be members of moral community, just like the way infants and other disabled individuals have limited mental abilities but are includes in the moral community.The views of singer and Regan differ. Regan consider moral community through duty, while Singer considers pragmatic position.