Ethics

Imperfect Duties
Kants principle of morality gives rise to a fourfold classification of duties, resulting from the intersection of two divisions between duties to oneself and to others, and between perfect and imperfect duties. Imperfect duties are prescriptions of general ends, and fulfilling them by means of performing appropriate particular actions is praiseworthy. Imperfect duties to oneself are such as the prescription to cultivate ones talents and imperfect duties to others, such as the prescription of benevolence. Imperfect duty may be overridden and allows a significant degree of freedom in deciding how to comply with it .An imperfect duty, such as the duty to support the poor, honesty , allows exceptions and various ways in which it may be satisfied. It allows contingently good action under a necessarily good maxim.

Morals
Morals have a wide meaning that can be narrowed down to concerned with principles of right and wrong or conforming to standards of behavior and character based on those principles. Morals can be distinguished from law or from justice according to the way in which the latter is publicly enforced and sanctioned through the power of the state, while the former is regarded as a private matter where wrongs are to the moral discredit of a person but not such as to allow legal recourse for those wronged. Morals are developed and learned through experience and surroundings.

Principle of forfeiture
The principle of forfeiture  this rule means that one loses the right to be treated as an end if he does not treat others this way. The principle of forfeiture says that, if I treat others as means, I forfeit my rights to freedom and well-being. In general my rights are forfeited in proportion to the rights of others that I trespassed.The principle of forfeiture states that a person who threatens the life or health of an innocent person forfeits his or her own right to life or health. With this understanding we can distinguish between killing by defending and murder.

Superogatories
Actions that is commendable but not required in order for a person to be considered moral. These actions are commendable but not required and depend only on the willingness of the person. Consider for a example that a person jumps in to a river to save a drowning man risking his or her own life to do has performed a superogatory action. Those on the rivers bank received no moral condemnation because risking ones life is above and beyond anyones moral duties.

Social contract theory
According to social contract theory, consent is the basis of government. It is because people have agreed to be ruled that governments are entitled to rule. Social contract theorists envisage a transition from a state of nature to a state of government. Individuals come together and form contracts which serve their interests, and these contracts establish rule. Social contract theory has recently been restored to the fore of political philosophy by John Rawls, whose version of the state of nature is the original position. In social contract theory people surrendered their natural liberties in order to enjoy the order and safety of the organized state. The social contract theory advocates popular sovereignty, the idea that the monarch or government must reflect the will of the people.