Ethics

The paper provides a brief analysis of ethical theories. A brief analysis of ethical case study is provided. Utilitarianism, the categorical imperative, rights and justice theories are discussed. The paper provides recommendations to the company and its managers.

Keywords ethics, corporate, utilitarian, categorical imperative, justice, rights.
Ethical decision-making in organizations requires that managers take into account, predict, and reconsider the interests of stakeholders and potential benefits losses they will have to carry as a result of various organizational decisions. Stakeholder interests is the basic criterion measuring how managers must behave (Bowie, 2002). In case of Joe, the stakeholders include shareholders, managers, employees, customers and suppliers, and governmental bodies responsible for collecting taxes. Shareholders seek profitability and want to have the fullest information about how the company of their choice operates. Managers and employees are interested in the stability of the firm for which they work, and must be able to timely address the emerging organizational complexities. Customers seek fairness and quality, while suppliers want to ensure that the company can fulfill its financial and contractual obligations. Finally, government regulatory bodies are the primary arbiter of the companys financial and business actions.

THESIS. In his situation, Joe must approach the CEO directly, to make sure that John has the fullest information about the problem and can minimize its negative influence on the companys stakeholders.

Legal analysis.
The only law that applies to this case is employment at-will doctrine.
Because Joe is afraid of losing his position of the district manager, he must be aware of the second exception to the termination for just cause or no cause principle (eGuide, Chapter 3). The latter implies that if employees refuse to lie under oath, the employer does not have any right to terminate them (eGuide, Chapter 3). The company does not have a legal right to make Joe submit incorrect information and documentation to the CEO.

Unfortunately, neither the Sarbanes-Oxley Act nor the Securities Act applies because the case does not involve security issues and the corporation of choice is a private entity.

Ethical analysis.
What Joe should do is called whistleblowing, and implies that an employee discloses information about malpractice or other organizational issue which is not otherwise known, in the reasonable belief that this is malpractice and the disclosure is in the public interest (Davies, 1997).

A. The categorical imperative managers in organizations must analyze their
motives and the reasons of their actions (eGuide, Chapter 1). Joes supervisor Mary wants Joe to submit inaccurate information and false documentation to pursue her self-interests. Joe can either choose not to report to CEO at all or to report the information that is realistic, truthful, objective, and relevant otherwise, his actions will fail the categorical imperative test.

B. The utilitarian theory any act, despite its legal implications, can be labeled ethical
as long as it promotes the greatest good for the greatest number of people (eGuide, Chapter 1). The consequences of Joes misbehaviors can range from the companys failure to improve its system and as a result, the quality of its business performance, to the companys failure to meet its financial and ethical obligations. The risks of Joes termination are relevant, but Mary can lose her job, too. The utilitarian perspective will require that Joe reports the fullest information to the CEO directly, to minimize the negative consequences of misinformation even if, as a result of Joes actions, Mary loses her job, this loss will be ethically justified as the necessary precondition for promoting the greatest good for the greatest number of people.

C. The rights theory by following Marys directive, Joe would violate the basic rights
of all stakeholders, including himself. The CEO, as well as other stakeholders, has the right to have the fullest information about how the company operates. In the employment contexts, CEOs have the right to request the fullest company information from their subordinates. No supervisor has the right to make subordinates lie to promote their self-interest. Joe would have to choose to approach the CEO directly, to ensure his rights and the rights of other stakeholders are not violated.

The justice theory Joe would have to recognize that Marys directive promotes
injustice with regard to all stakeholders, including the CEO. According to the justice theory, the end never justifies the means, especially if the end itself is unethical (eGuide, Chapter 1). Even if lies result in temporarily stability within the companys environment, they do not leave the CEO and other stakeholders a chance to access and use the fullest information about the company.

Conclusion
Utilitarianism, the categorical imperative, rights and justice ethical theories present different views on one and the same problem but usually lead to one and the same conclusion. In his case, Joe must approach the CEO directly, to provide him with the fullest information about the problem. First, even if none of the laws from the eGuide apply to the situation, the falsification of business records is a crime and implies legal punishment. It is even more serious of a crime, if an employee has to submit incorrect information and documentation about the system under the threat of termination (eGuide, Chapter 3). Second, this is a misdemeanor that violates a whole range of ethical norms, standards, and rights, including the right for stakeholders to have the fullest information about the company (eGuide, Chapter 1). The unethical consequences of Joes actions may range from the companys inability to timely address the issue to the companys failure to minimize its negative influence on profitability and performance (eGuide, Chapter 1).

Third, because Joe is aware of the problem and his supervisor Mary refuses to deal with it, the best Joe can do is to inform the CEO directly, to ensure that the information he provides is full, relevant, objective, and justified. Eventually, by taking a step toward the CEO, Joe will secure himself from the risks of termination, will promote justice and the greatest good for the majority, and will also guard stakeholders rights, by giving the company a chance to improve its system and, as a consequence, the efficiency of its organizational performance.

Codes of conduct for criminal justice professionals
Each and every given profession is guided by a set of well articulated rules and regulations. In practice, these precepts are designed to help in streamlining and equally defining the repute of the given discipline.  These principals equally apply to the practice of criminal justice professionals who happen to include police, corrections, lawyers, judges, and probation and parole officers. It is instrumental to reflect on the broader aspects by which the codes of conduct pertaining to these disciplines are anchored. However, examining each and every practice individually, a number of contrasting aspects are apparent. Technically, the dissimilar mechanisms employed to enforce these codes strongly attests to the fact that, each discipline has its own written code of ethics and they are dissimilar even in the way they are enforced (Sanders, 2003). This is due to the fact that, all disciplines allied to criminal justice professions are guided by a number of unrelated codes of conduct which are more than often developed to reflect the requirements and the application of the given area in regard to the rest of the society. In their specialized activities, criminal justice professionals are dedicated to enhancing the broad well-being of society and of those and cluster within it.

Members of these professions are principally careful to shun ineffectual, unethical or dishonest use of criminal justice comprehension. For instance, judges who play an integral role in regard to the principles of criminal justice, tremendously upholds the laid down code of ethics to the letter and spirit .They make out the great latency for damage that is connected with the knowledge of criminal justice, therefore, they do not intentionally place the safety of themselves or other citizens in danger in their specialized work. Reflecting on the aspects of code of ethics in relation to police force, it would be pivotal to argue that, the police force as a segment of criminal justice profession, significantly requires a thorough ethical facelift (Good, 2003).

This is due to the fact that, they have soiled their image due to their inhuman handling of suspects as well as being involved in unethical and corrupt practices such as soliciting for bribes and kickbacks from law breakers. And this has overseen the precepts of human rights as stipulated within the codes of ethics being abused or equally neglected. Therefore, am of opinion that, as an issue within the precepts of code of ethics, it needs a massive facelift in order to be effective and relevant due to the changing workplace trends. Members of the criminal justice professions are required to esteem the rights, decorum and significance of all citizens.

In their work, criminal justice professionals are predominantly careful to esteem the rights, decorum and worth of criminal justice workforce, crime fatalities and those indicted or convicted of committing felonies, as well as of scholars and research subjects. According to the criminal justice code of ethics, they are not permitted to discriminate either on or the basis of age, sex, race, traditions, general origin, creed, gender orientation, health form or family status. They have to be sensitive to personal, cultural and character dissimilarity among citizens (De Vries, et al, 2000).

More so, while handling daily work encounters, reporting violations by colleagues, the code of ethics stipulates that, the involved personnel have to recognize the rights of other citizens and groups to embrace values, stance and views that are dissimilar from their hold. In that position, the codes of ethics with respect to how the criminal justice system really operates can be said to be totally realistic and workable. All in all, despite the dissimilar precepts, they have almost a common enforcement mechanism.

It was a bright and cold morning when the challenger space shuttle disaster happened. The skies were very clear and thus the sun shone brightly over the Kennedy Space Centres launch area. This happened on 28th of January 1986 and it sent the whole nation into mourning. The space shuttle blew up 73 seconds after its commencing. Seven lives and equipments worth three billion dollars were lost. The disaster left great repercussions perhaps because the incidence was preceded by other incidents at the Three Mile Island and Union Carbide in Bhopal and later by Chernobyl (Vaughan, par 1-8). This left a very troubling question to so many. The question at that time was Has the ability of creating highly developed technological system gone beyond our capability to cope with and master it in practice The answer to the question is obviously no because the only thing that the scientists have to do is to take the necessary precautions, heed to warnings and also use the correct expertise. The challengers space shuttle disaster was mainly caused by a mechanical failure and an administrative problem which lead to poor communication as well as faulty decision making thus causing lose of lives and damage of properties worth many billions of US dollars.

Background Information
The space shuttle challenger accident was as a result of faulty sealing system where by one of the pieces of the huge rocket booster responsible for lifting the shuttle into the orbit did not work correctly.  The piece, known as the O-ring, was part of the shuttles right rocket booster. It was very cold on this particular morning of the launch, and so the O-ring did not work correctly as it allowed the hot gas (exhaust flames) from the solid-fuel rocket booster (SRB) to leak out. The flame ruptured the tank and caused the explosion which destroyed the shuttle (Vaughan, par.1-8).
             
It is after this incidence that the peoples opinion and trust towards NASA as an organization changed completely. Earlier, NASA had wanted people to support it, but instead of impressing the viewers, the disaster scared them the most, especially with the sophisticated and improved technology. In addition, NASA had earlier planned to be sending people into space regularly, but with such a big knock-out, this became impossible (Vaughan, par.1-8).

Who were responsible for the disaster
According to Allinson (13), a cause can not operate singly it will always operate as an ingredient in a network of connection. In this case, the challenger disaster was an organizational-technical system problem. The immediate cause is said to have been a technical failure. The presidential commissioner investigating the incident said that the design failure intermingled with the effect of temperature, physical dimensions, the material character, re-usability effect, processing, and the reaction to dynamic and vibrant loading led to the disaster (Vaughan, par. 6-8).
             
This is a clear indication that technical defect cannot be as a result of one cause.  In relation to this, the blame goes to the NASA organization for contributing to the technical failure. The technical failure is said to have had a long incubation period and that the problems with the O-rings were noted first in 1977 this was according to the Presidential Commission investigations.  Therefore, NASA Organization should have taken initiatives on the same before the tragedy, but they did not.  It is likely that there must have been organizations dealing with such risks and this would have been sorted out before it happened (Vaughan, Par1-6).
                 
However, the Organizations response is said to have been as a result of poor communication, inadequate information handling, faulty technical decision making and failure to act in accordance to the regulations instituted to assure safety. In addition, the regulatory system that oversees the safety of the shuttle program failed to identify and correct the program (Vaughan, par.4-6).
                 
The administrative problem was more philosophical because of the simple fact that all the mechanical failures in regard to the field joint had been identified by Thiokol engineers and all problems were highlighted as potential risk. The engineers did a good and recommendable job. However, there was a communication difficulty towards the managers who were responsible for the launch.  Therefore, the decision to launch the challenger in spite of the identified risks was mainly because of the poor communication and a difference in the evaluation of the risk (Vaughan, par5-6).

The Failure of the Engineers and Managers
In this incident, there was failure of one component to work together with the other. This provoked a complex set of interactions of different connections that lead to the failure of the technical systems therefore causing the space shuttle crash. On the other hand, the organization should have taken immediate measures to eliminate the risk (Vaughan, par.1-3).
         
In addition, the risk was assessed by the engineers and the managers too. The engineers based their assessment more on their technical experience and facts while the managers dwelled more on taking risks mainly on issues of ensuring that the business was running on well without delay. The managers were concerned with the business of management and administration while the engineers were concerned with the day to day activities of the project. It was clear that both categories were not of the same view regarding the risk associated with the O-rings, low temperature, and the testing (Vaughan, par. 5-8).
               
For the managers, they were glad to accept the low temperature tests performed in the laboratory conditions but the engineers were not. They dismissed the tests and referred to them as unrealistic. In addition, NASA did not want to employ an assessment method that was quantitative for such a high pilot project just because it was quite expensive when associated with data collection and the statistical model generation. The organization did not employ any trained engineer in statistical sciences (Vaughan, par. 6-8).
               
On the other hand, around the time when the challenger event happened, NASA managers and their constructors might have been experiencing a lot of pressure because of the economic and scheduling constraints in addition to the task of ensuring the safety of the many missions that were taking place. During that particular time, government funding cuts were being announced and this is the same time that NASA was calling for twenty four shuttle flights per year as a goal. Probably such pressures caused the management to overlook on issues of safety.  However, this has never been regarded as a major reason (Forest, par. 1-2).
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Conclusion
What happened during the space shuttle challenger disaster should be blamed on both the managers and engineers. Both categories had shortcomings. However, the managers failed the more especially in ethical conduct than the engineers who had a good intention by attempting to ensure the safety of the shuttle and the astronauts. All in all, both the managers and the engineers have clearly brought out the importance of communication and ethical considerations.

The currently witnessed upsurge in the prevalence rate of drug abuse in various workplaces raises concerns about the causes of this menace. This paper explores the worlds prevalence rate of drug abuse in the various occupational areas with an attempt to unmask the causes of such problems as well as provide possible remedies to the global quagmire. The researcher examines the current situation of prevalence rate of drug abuse and attempts to compare it with the past records in order to predict the future projection. This would help in mobilizing resources to counter the vice. The paper takes a brief universal view of the phenomenon and its prevalence rate with a strong bias on the situation in U.S. This has been relevant in regard to the prevalence rate of drug abuse that puts U.S in the frontline as the leading consumer of illicit drugs in the world. The paper further discusses the major drugs abused in varied workplaces in the U.S as well as exploring the various legislative measures that have been enacted by the congress to suppress the menace. Finally, the paper addresses the economic implication of the phenomenon both in the workplace and national level and wraps up the research by providing concise recommendations on measures that need to be taken to avert the upsurge of drug abuse in workplace.

Productivity of an organization or any business venture is principally dependent on its labor force. Subjecting this labor force to a suitable working condition is therefore best remedy in achieving the desired goals of an organization. Workplace environment can only be improved through enhancing of health, safety and well-being of the employees. This ambition can however be thwarted by drug abuse in the workplace.

This menace has been on the rise despite spirited effort to curb it. It is estimated that almost seventy five percent of adults who consume prohibited drugs are employed. U.S for instance, consumes sixty percent of illicit drugs produced in the world and one out of four employees between the ages of 18-35 years has admitted using the illicit drugs. The attitude of substance abusers towards work is highly affected by the vice. These employees are known to be less productive, always involved in workplace accidents as well as persistent desire to frequently change their jobs compared to non-drug abusers. Additionally, these workers are known to file lawsuits claiming compensation.

In addition to the aforementioned, workplace substance abuse has colossal economic effects on both the organization as well as the national scale. It is estimated that American businesses lose about a hundred billion dollars annually courtesy of substance abuse in the workplace. This computation has been generated from medical costs, compensation costs, and losses from employee absenteeism as well as reduced productivity. All these negative impacts therefore call for establishment of a drug free environment in the workplace Barbeito (2004, 120).

World major economies as well as developing countries have initiated programs that would ensure suppression consumption of illicit drugs in the workplace. This program encompasses policy that would safeguard the interest of the employer, employee as well as that of the customer. The philosophy of this program is to deter the substance abusers and not to detect them. Moreover, this policy protects the health and safety of the employees as well as that of the employer. It also safeguards the employers properties from possible destruction andor theft. The organizations integrity is therefore upheld upon proper implementation of such policies. Besides, strict adherence to such regulations results in the production of high quality goods and services. Employers who implement such policies in U.S for instance receive a premium credit of about five percent of the compensation stipulated in the workers insurance policy Bizmanualz (2008, 484).

According to the Laws and Federal regulations of the U.S, the program is mandated to provide training for the supervisors as well as education for the employees on importance of drug-free workplace. The program compels the employer to embark on an intensive awareness campaign aimed at enlightening the workers on the need to keep the workplace safe and healthy. Besides, this campaign sheds more light on the dangers of drug abuse in workplace, existence of rehabilitation and counseling centers for the drug abusers as well as consequences and penalties associated with drug abuse violations in the workplace Barbeito (2004, 121). The legislation further provides the subjection of workers to medical tests to affirm their health relative to drug consumption. Substances tested in this case include Amphetamines, PCP, Marijuana, Opiates as well as Cocaine. The examinations are carried out in specified Laboratories and the expenses met by the employer. Such tests are performed by qualified medical professionals under the watchful eye of the third party administrator as provided by the law. Above and beyond, substance abuse professional may also be included in this activity to help the medical review officer in his duties. The employers presence is however obvious Barbeito (2004, 121).  

The program further recommends situations in which such tests are applied. This may include examination before employment, after an occurrence of an accident where the cause of that accident would be unraveled. The tests may also be accomplished randomly or as probable cause or even as a return-to-duty activity where an employer would want to ascertain the employees status after a holiday. This last strategy may as well be used by the employer to follow-up the status of workers after an earlier investigation.  The program is not only meant to provide a suitable drug-free environment in the workplace alone but also require the workers to convey the commendable behavior home. The employer is thereafter required by the legislation to restore confidentiality as far as the results of the tests are concerned Bizmanualz (2008, 484).

ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF DRUG ABUSE IN WORKPLACE
Since 1980, U.S has witnessed a steady rise in the economic burden associated with the drugs in workplace. This led to the formation of Drug-free workplace Act in 1989 by the congress to counter the enormous economic losses experienced at that time Bizmanualz (2008, 486). The impact of this Act has however been minimal given the fact that the current economic loss is estimated at hundred billion dollars annually up from fifty seven billion dollars when the Act was effective. The increase in such losses would not only be linked to the increase in the drug prevalence rates but also to an increase in the population of the targeted group.
   
Increase in rate of drug abuse prevalence has been immense in many parts of the world. In U.S for instance, the increase has been imminent in the recent past amid existence of stringent measures to avert the problem. The country is currently enduring a constant acceleration in the prevalence rate of abuse of four main drugs namely alcohol, marijuana, heroine, and cocaine. Current statistics estimate alcohol  consumption  to be about thirteen million people, marijuana at twenty million, cocaine at six million people and finally heroine a minimal number of about half a million people Barbeito (2004, 121). See table1.0 below. The aforementioned drugs impact negatively on the lives of many people.

TABLE 1.0 U.S four most abused drugs in the workplace
EMBED MSGraph.Chart.8 s
EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL ABUSE IN THE WORKPLACE
More than a hundred thousand annual deaths in U.S are associated with excessive consumption of alcohol. Other consequences of alcohol consumption may include accidents in the workplace as well as on roads, onset of dangerous diseases such as cancer and liver cirrhosis. Generally, alcohol interferes with ones neurological system by impairing the movement and coordination of the body. This poses a lot of risks in the workplace since the affected may not be in a position to operate a machine or deliver a service to a customer effectively. This therefore reduces the productivity of the organization thereby negatively impacting on the economy Barbeito (2004, 121).

EFFECTS OF MARIJUANA ABUSE IN THE WORKPLACE
Marijuana on the other hand has been cited as one of the most abused substances in America. According to Campbell and Langford (1995, 37), chronic consumption of Marijuana may impair ones balance and coordination just as alcohol does. This therefore increases the inability of the affected to carry out certain activities such as driving. It is therefore necessary to avoid the drug in workplaces. However, there are exceptions to the use of this drug. The Federal law provides leniency on the drug use in cases where this substance has been prescribed by the doctor. The employers are therefore advised to accord medical marijuana undue favor in cases where the workers turn positive during such tests (Campbell and Langford 1995, 37).

EFFECTS OF COCAINE ABUSE IN THE WORKPLACE
Campbell and Langford (1995, 38) associate cocaine abuse with endless sleep that individuals experience after consumption of the illicit drug. Cocaine was used for a long time in late 90s as a beverage as well as medicine in many European countries, Australia and North American States. This was followed by enactment of laws that would control cocaine usage. The legislation was successful since decline in the substance use was recorded in many states in mid 90s. However, the cocaine consumption later increased steadily among the youths South as well as some parts of North America. This drug is dangerous and dependence on the substance subjects an individual to serious health problems as well as psychological disorientation hence chances of engaging in criminal activities as well as violence. It was a component of alcohol but was later removed in 1920s due to its high degree of addiction (Campbell and Langford 1995, 37). Heroine consumption in the workplace should therefore be suppressed at all costs.

EFFECTS OF HEROINE ABUSE IN THE WORKPLACE
Heroine is considered one of the most dangerous drugs in the world. Just like the other opiates, heroine consumption poses negative effects to a worker and the victim may witness symptoms of sedation, euphoria as well as other health effects such as respiratory problems, constipation, and nausea and so on. This drug is consumed through nasal inhalation as well as injection through the skin and can therefore easily spread HIVAIDS virus in case such equipment is shared with the affected. Heroine consumption has increased in many parts of Southeastern America and this has been attributed to the purity of the drug currently found on most of the streets of these countries (Campbell and Langford 1995, 37).

CONCLUSION AND RECOMENDATIONS
Most economies including U.S have lost hundreds of billions of dollars as a result of problems associated with drug abuse in workplaces. It is equally disheartening to observe the current steady increase in drug abuse in many workplaces. However, commendable efforts have been put in place by various authorities in an attempt to suppress the menace. Nevertheless, a combined effort is required in order to combat this deadly problem that has not only threatened to rob the whole world of its wealth but also send many of its population to the grave. An international treaty should be formed with a well designed and formulated policy signed by every nation to confront this issue in a global perspective. Stern measures should also be adopted to penalize those who contravene the international accord. On the hand, single-handed initiatives should be implemented by the leadership of each nation aimed at controlling drug abuse in the workplace. The universal body should be bequeathed with power and authority to oversee such schemes.

Each day, millions of people face the hard reality that not everything is groovy at the workplace. There are a number of ethical dilemmas that people have to deal with. Ethical dilemma is basically an ethical problem where the ethical choice includes ignoring a paramount non- ethical consideration (Marivic, n.d).  Todays workforce comprises of people that are diverse in culture, education, age and socio- economic status. Workers face decisions that may implicate their salaries and job security. The main key to preparing for inevitable ethical situation in any business is to first identify and understand their main source (Mark, 2002). As an employee the ethical choices are limited thus every law laid down by the company must be complied with. There are controversies that mount up between co- workers and the management that must be handled with impartiality and honesty.

Most times, ethics in workplace means choosing between two concepts. One may choose to keep the job and avoid the interaction of the co- workers who at times may land one into problems. Most workplaces managers are not even allowed to hang out with employees and the breaking of this rule may cause more harm than good.   If some difficulties crops up in weighing the two options then there is a need to focus on what is really right basing it on his or her priorities.

I work at a certain restaurant where the managers are prohibited to hang out with employees. However, most of the managers do not follow the rule and instead favor the employees. I hardly hang out with my co- workers because from the past experience, I have come to realize they are source of trouble. I had come to the realization that most co- workers had no respect for right to confidentiality and they would always make up stories about you to the managers for their best interest. This situation has led to loneliness in the restaurant on the grounds I am aloof and most of the time I am treated with disrespect and contempt. My self esteem has gone down on the grounds of losing trust on the managers who have no respect for the rule set aside by the company. The rest of my co- workers are being favored by the management thus they end up leading a better lifestyle than me because of the benefits they get.

I am aware that if I do compromise, personal issues will be at stake. I might end up losing my job and having a bad reputation which will have adverse effects on my family. My profession will also be at stake thus getting another job will be tough. There are two ways to of approaching ethical dilemma. There is the communal approach and individualistic approach. Individualistic approach means that every person in the organization is morally accountable for his or her behavior. The communal approach, individuals are viewed as members of communities that are responsible for behaviors of their personnel (Marvin, 2008). The main problem in my resent issue is conflicts between my personal values and values held by the coworkers and managers. The other conflict is between my basic principles and the need for results. In resolving any ethical dilemma, analysis, discussion, problem solving as well as decision making are essential (Lankard, 1991). All the stakeholders in this situation must be involved in order to have a smooth environment for everyone. This is because resolution of any conflict cannot rest in the hands of one individual and all concerned parties must be there for ethical and legal reasons (Lankard, 1991). In the next meeting on Friday, I will address the issue to the management and will gauge their opinion whether it suits my individualistic approach or not. Resolving ethical problems requires negotiation and interpersonal skills. Employability skills respect, honesty, willingness to learn, responsibility for ones actions, loyalty and ability to work in cooperation with the rest are imperative (Lankard, 1991). All workers and employees need to recognize factors guiding ethical actions and develop strategies that will assess their organizational and personal ethics.

TAKE-HOME EXERCISE 1

In any event that takes place, there are a number of reasons that can cause a conflict over whether a certain act was ethical or not. Hence, it is most desirable to have a proper fixed system to determine this and verify such an incident.

FACTS
Police officer stole money from a suspect that he arrested and expected his colleague to ignore this activity.

II. DETAILS
Murphy is a police officer who has been serving for 3 years. In the absence of his regular partner, he is paired with Candy for patrol duty. During their shift, they respond to a silent alarm in a local store. While Murphy calls for backup, Candy arrests the criminals and extortionate 1500 out of one of them and keeps it for his personal use. He then asks Eddie to remain quiet about this dealing and Eddie does.

III. ISSUE
After having witnessed the entire incident, is Eddie Murphy obliged to take any action against Candy for his conduct or not

IV. IDEALS
A few of the ideals in this assignment are

Justice
Justice is a highly relevant aspect in this context as it portrays the difference between the right and the wrong. It sheds light on the fact that it was unjust to the robber to have money (not yet proven as not his), taken from him and not returned. Also, the fact that the veteran got to enjoy the 1500, is unjust.

Fairness
It isnt fair to rob a man out of money that has not yet been proven as not belonging to him. And this is exactly what Andy did. Furthermore, he did not even turn it in and instead kept the money for his personal use.

Dishonesty
Dishonesty can be witnessed on the part of Candy who stole money and also on the part of Eddie Murphy who failed to report it despite having being a witness to the incident.
Deceit Candy deceived his superiors into believing that he was acting in the best interest of the country while he was actually deceiving them and earning for his personal satisfaction. Similarly, Eddie Murphy also deceives his superiors into believing that he would act ethically at all times when in fact in this incident he doesnt.

V. OBLIGATIONS

When viewing the obligations imposed in this case, there are two obligations that precede any other that could come up. First, is Candys obligation and second is Eddie Murphys

As per the Utilitarian Principle whatever decision leads to the greater good of the masses should be employed. Hence, Candy is obligated to not steal money from the convicts as this would result in him gaining money, while the convict loses money and the law enforcement system to breed corruption. Candy is also obligated to the authorities that granted him his position and placed trust in him to be fair and just. He owes it to them to personify every quality that is expected out of a man of such a rank and at his post.

Similarly, as per Utilitarianism Eddie is obligated to his state to ensure that wrong acts are punished accordingly as acts such as Candys only benefit Candy, while it is detrimental to the person whose money he stole and also to the state that placed trust in him to enforce law.

Another obligation is the obligation that lies with the convict whose money is stolen. It is also his obligation to report the theft and ensure that action is taken so that corruption within such organizations is also minimized.

VI. CONSEQUENCES
Candy He stole money from a suspect and kept it as his own. This could have led Candy being able to afford a college education for his daughter, or on the other hand, it could have led him to being punished by the authorities had he been reported and proven guilty.

Eddie Murphy He failed to report to authorities about Candys theft that he had witnessed. This makes Eddie and accomplice to the crime by not taking adequate action against the incident or informing the authorities about it. Hence, he could either get into trouble with his superiors if word would have gotten around, or else remained indifferent about it.

VII. CONCLUSION
Having taken into account all the events that took place, and after analyzing them with respect to Kants theories, we can easily conclude that Candys actions were completely unethical. He had no right to assume that the money in the suspects pocket was stolen, and furthermore, keep the money for his own personal use. It is also unethical on the part of Eddie Murphy who failing to take any actions against the crime he had witnessed, also became an accomplice to it.

Ethical behavior in any business is quite important for ensuring the long term competitive advantage of the business in the marketplace. It is indeed due to this reason why businesses employ morality and ethics in marketing their products as a way of promoting their companys reputation. E-cigarettes are increasingly becoming common among members in the community. This is despite the fact that less research has so far been conducted to qualify the extent of health implications they can have on the user. There are a number unethical marketing tactics that have led to this increase in E-cigarettes popularity in the society.

The first unethical marketing tactic is the claim by E-cigarette marketers that it contains pure nicotine vapor with no toxins. Traditional cigarettes have been blamed of containing diethylene glycol and tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs) which have negative health implications to the body of the users. Despite the fact that not much research has been conducted on the potential health risks, it is unethical for E-cigarette marketers to claim its absolute lack of such toxins. According to a test research conducted by the Food and Drug Administration, substantial amount of diethylene glycol and tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs) were detected in some E-cigarettes. Physicians have claimed that nicotine is not the only cause of cancer. However, there is no consensus on how harmful intake of pure nicotine can be in the human body. This means that these E-cigarette marketers are just using technology as a way of poorly influencing consumers into unhealthy behaviors.

Nicotine is the most addictive element to cigarette smokers though other components found in traditional cigarette smoke lead to health problems. It has been a common claim in E-cigarette marketing that this state of art technology can be greatly useful if employed as a tool for resolving smoking addiction. According to FDA, some E-cigarette claims that some of their E-cigarettes contain little or no nicotine. This is neither true nor reasonably logical due to the fact that such cigarettes have been found to contain nicotine, the addictive element in smoking. Still, according to Food and Drug Administration, Pharmaceutical Analysis of some sample E-cigarettes in 2009 proved that they lacked consistency in terms of their individual nicotine contents. Just to be stated here is the fact that quality and safety guarantee particularly for consumable goods lies on guaranteed consistency in the substance compositions. Therefore, with inconsistency in the amount of nicotine per piece in a sample of E-cigarettes, then the claim that they can be used to resolve smoking addiction problem remains a questionable marketing strategy for E-cigarettes.

E-cigarette marketers are constantly describing this high technological cigarette product as nicotine fun rather than a way of increasing nicotine levels in the body of the users. This has been seen by many as a way of compromising the reasoning and judgmental rationality of members of the society. Such are particularly posing a major threat to the minors in the community. Matching technological advancements is the wish of every individual as it provides comfort, class, and prestige. However, just as other technological products manufacturers are bound to notify customers of any threats that can result from using their products, so should be the case for E-cigarettes. This unqualified marketing strategy being employed for E-cigarettes is misleading the young generation in the society to believing that smoking such is fun with no chance of addiction. Whether this is true or not, further research will tell but current consensus on E-cigarettes is that they can have potential health implications on victims. E-cigarette manufacturers must negate this claim through scientific evidence to guarantee the health safety for customers.

Of the debate on the safety of E-cigarette is the threat it gives to those who enjoy but have either quit smoking or are in the process of quitting. This is because with this sense of guaranteed health safety for smokers many are tempted to continue with their habit of smoking (Cochran, 2009).  According to FDA, the claim by E-cigarette marketers that it would help smokers quite smoking is unproven and unethical. Still, such claims of safety have been identified to be reasoned towards influencing the debate on cigarette taxation. According to fact about the cause of drug abuse among the underage in the society is the availability of the drugs as well as the influence associated with the marketing process. This means that any possible market influence to reduce the restrictions and governments control over drugs can potentially compromise the sustainable development of our future generations. Still, E-cigarettes marketers are using bright colors and fruit flavorings to influence consumers. This tactic has much influence on the underage population than it has on the adults thus can be seen as targeting the kids.

In conclusion, technological advancements are quite important for ensuring the sustainable development of the global community. It is by the work of innovative thinkers that the community claim solutions to problems. However, technology should never be used as a way of compromising the safety of the people through unethical marketing of products. E-cigarettes might be safe for human consumption, but much research evidence is required to qualify such claims. It is only through this that these products will be of a social, health and economic value to the society.