Ethics

The objectives of a company cannot be achieved without adherence of employees to the code of conduct. Managers in companies are usually charged with the responsibility of ensuring adherence to this code of conduct. To do this, they usually have to make decisions. This is not always easy and sometimes they find themselves in a dilemma especially when actions with good intentions have other bad consequences. Theories of ethics such as deontological and utilitarian can be used by managers to help them make decisions.

Deontological ethics judges the rightfulness or wrongfulness of an action based on whether or not it adheres to a given set of rules instead of its consequences (Johnson, 2006). Morality according to deontologists point of view is strictly following the laid down rules without deviating even when the consequences of doing the prohibited action will yield good results. Deontologists focus is usually on moral rules that prohibit people from doing certain things (Johnson, 2006).
       
On the other hand, utilitarian ethical point of view is that the wrongfulness or rightfulness of an action is judged based on its results (Johnson, 2006).The consequences of an action are more important than the action itself. An action is usually considered morally right if it brings happiness to most people. There are several variations of utilitarian ethical point of view. The utilitarianism known as Act says that in a situation where one is supposed to choose between actions, its important that one first considers the potential consequences of the actions and then chooses an action that will bring the greatest happiness (Johnson, 2006). Another variation known as Rule utilitarian says that in a situation where one is supposed to choose between actions, one should consider the consequences of constantly doing that action. If doing something results in more happiness than not doing it, then that thing must always be done (Johnson, 2006)
       
Based on deontological ethical point of view, its important to first consider the rules laid down regarding use of computers in the office during working hours. If use of computers for personal gain is prohibited, then the employees actions are wrong. This is regardless of the results that this action brings. For example use of the computers by the employees to chat with friends is wrong regardless of the fact that the employees feel happier. Installation of spyware software in employees computers is a form of intrusion to privacy. Morally, this is wrong regardless of whether it will make the employees more productive. Utilitarian ethical point of view on the other hand, will consider the consequences arising from employees spending too much time on the computers attending to their personal matters instead of working. The consequences are lowered productivity which is a bad consequence and this makes their action wrong. Installation of spyware will be an intrusion to the employees privacy and the consequences will be unhappiness among the employees. Another consequence of this action will be increased productivity. Based on utilitarianism ethical view, the head of department should choose the action that will bring the greatest happiness to most of the people (Johnson, 2006). This will be not to install the spyware.

Applying the two ethical approaches will lead to the same decision and that is not to install the spyware. This is because according to deontological point of view, intrusion of privacy is a rule that should not be broken regardless of its consequences. Utilitarian point of view will also not support installation of the software. This is because its installation will not cause happiness to the majority.
       
As the manager, I would decide to install the spyware. This is because according to ethics of work which dictates the guidelines to be followed by workers, workers are supposed to be productive (Johnson, 2006). Another reason is that ethics dictate that workers do what is proper and not what makes them happy (Johnson, 2006). Its the responsibility of the company to ensure that the code of ethics is followed and installing the spyware will ensure that this happens.

Academic honesty is counted as an act of providing the detail of certain circumstances with proper reasoning and proper evidences, in such a way that the listeners believe in the truth being presented.  The circumstances should be realistic and factual.

Newton, (2001) argues that the academic honesty is also counted in terms of the biased truth but the fact remains that the truth should be realistic, factual, and believable. If an importance of academic honesty is established in the educational sectors than the dishonesties as plagiarism and cheating in exams can be avoided.

The broader questions about morality are discussed in the specific branch of philosophy that is named as ethics thereby the academic honesty or the dishonest conduct in the academic research is dealt in an association with ethics. The academic misconduct itself has been defined as a kind of cheating done against the rules of academics. There are many forms of academic misconducts and these include plagiarism, cheating, fabrication as well as professional misconduct. Cheating is one of the main forms of misconducts that need to be addressed to the academics. It is usually observed in the examination that the students more or less depend on the unethical conducts as cheating other than following the ethical standards by being honest while preparing for there examinations. Whitley, and  Keith-Spiegel, (2002) says that cheating is defined as the sharing of information between the students during an examination. As compared to the other forms of academic dishonesties, it has been seen that the students are unable to gain any academic advantages from cheating. There is a form of cheating that has been defined as altruistic and in this case a student is cheating the other student if he informs the other student about a certain assessment which is supposed to be held on the same day, in the later time periods. This kind of cheating has been deprecated.
The principles of utilitarianism can be applied in the ethics in academic honesty.

These principles refer to the fact that the moral worth of any action is always determined by the utility that the action carries in the provision of happiness and pleasure to the other people. Utilitarianism can also be called as consequentialism,by saying that the worth of an action is always determined by the outcome of an action. If the principles of utilitarianism are linked in the code of ethics being followed in the higher education than the dishonesties that are usually observed in the educations systems in these days, including plagiarism that is considered as a crime can be eliminated. Newton, (2001) argues that this is the kind of action, which if performed, can morally degrade a person by making use of the work that has been done by another person, and this act is immoral and illegal. Academic research in the higher education is to be done by referring to the other persons work rather than by taking all that has been done previously. Stopping the act of plagiarism can give relief to the other people thereby they can continue producing better research to be referred in the future. By this means, the main advantage of the application of these principles of utilitarianism is a relief and happiness for the researchers as they are aware of the rules that can prevent there work from being misused and cheated by the dishonest.

On the other hand, Whitley, and  Keith-Spiegel, (2002) says that the other main principle that is applied in the academic research is that of the fitness to practice. These are the policies that are used by the academic institutions in order to align the rules and regulations in which the studies are lesser under a burden of the studies and they practice the studies in an easier to follow manner. In these cases, the universities and the academic institutions require that there is a range of professional behaviors demonstrated by the students.  In higher education and by the research students, the implementation of these policies, the unethical measures that are observed by the stressed out students can be reduced in order to make sure that professional behaviors are demonstrated by the students according to the academic requirements in which the range of academic skills are also reflected.

Academic honesty principles are important for an improvement in a students moral actions. Nevertheless, if these principles are learnt in a correct manner than the students can learn how to use their skills in all of the academic tasks. The students and the academic professionals can also learn ways in which they can show there professional behaviors by being honest in their educational responsibilities.

1). Cloning
Cloning is the new technology that has found room in reproduction and can be used to create two or more genetically identical organisms. Reproductive cloning can be carried out through what can be referred to as nuclear transplantation or somatic cell nuclear transfer. Since the much publicized cloning of the sheep, Dolly in 1997 by the English researchers, the concept of cloning has been viewed as a controversial undertaking especially when it is viewed as aimed at cloning humans. A number of ethical issues have been raised while the scientists have vigorously defended the undertaking and regard cloning as a major breakthrough in their research activities.

Pros of   Cloning
Cloning has been viewed as a possible solution to infertility since it can serve the role of reproducing offsprings. Through cloning, vital human organs for implantation can be harvested without fear of rejection and therefore cloning is seen as a life savor. Since it involves genetics, cloning is thought to be the right channel of understanding the human genetics and this can help in combating genetically related illnesses. These are just but a few of the advantages that have been put forward in the defense of cloning (Oak, 2008).

Cons of cloning
Opponents to human cloning have argued that the practice is a grave offence to dignity of humankind and it violates the universally accepted fundamental equality of mankind. Genetical diversity which is vital for human survival is threatened due to the cloning process. If uncontrolled, the process can be abused for selfish ends and this is a great danger to mankind. Since the process entails the alteration in the genetic make up, the results could be cumbersome and irreversible. To the naturalists, cloning is seen as disregarding natural law and assuming the supernatural role of creation (Darren, 2008).

As much as cloning may be meant for the good of mankind, it remains a controversial issue. The idea of entrusting fellow humans with the role of creation is itself illogical. What will be the fate of the clones and how will they be related to mankind This and many other ethical questions lead me to vehemently oppose cloning.

2). Administrative ethics
Administrative ethics are usually concerned with how providers would influence the ethics of their members and the influence between members and a given organization. The government and the community have also not been left out as the administration ethics also influences on how the organization and members deal with the two. It is actually a new phenomenon in bioethics and addresses the corporate scenario in which decisions are made. Administrative ethics therefore encompasses conflict of interests from different quotas especially those concerned with care giving. The impacts of administration ethics are best felt by the patients as a group rather than as an individual (Tripod.com, 1998).

Health care facilities use different mechanisms to ensure quality in healthcare delivery. Institutional compliance and ethics committees together with review boards arose due to the need for business ethics in the health institutions. Business ethics involves integrity, honesty, well spelt out duties and roles of the employees and the organization, benevolence, among other ethical concerns. Such concerns are also to be found in healthcare settings in addition to respect of the individual, and emphasis on both fidelity and confidentiality. Institutional compliance together with the ethical committees and review boards have the crucial role of promoting quality and deal with the specific issues that may arise at the institution.

When dealing with administrative ethical issues, the management has the responsibility of ensuring that all the committees are in place to offer guidelines in resolving ethical dilemma as may arise. Staff and the patients have to be educated on the availability of these committees so as to promote prompt and quality service delivery (Bross, 2004).

The many Hispanic American communities in America have a number of similarities and differences in their way of life. Though most of the communities share much in common like language by virtual of their origin, their reasons for coming to American as well as their adherence to traditions are different. This paper is a discussion of the linguistics, politics, social-economics, religion, and family aspects of four Hispanic Americans namely Cuban Americans, Puerto Ricans, Mexican Americans and the Central Americans. The author also gives a summary of the similarities and differences of the way of life of these Hispanic American groups.

First is the Mexican American community. This community makes an approximated 9 percent of the overall American population thus making it the largest Hispanic group in America (Tate, 2008)). The communitys main language is Spanish though most of the population can now speak fluent English thanks to the introduction of bilingual classes (Alba, 2006). It is due to this reason that English language is the most used language particularly by the second and third generations of the Mexican Americans.

Economically, the community is mainly involved in little entrepreneurship establishments (Alba, 2006).  However, due to its large population, the community is marked with a wealth of varied academic professionals and special skills. This has given its members great potential of getting employment in any sector including even posits in the federal government.

This community practices Roman Catholic faith as their primary religion but there is evidence of protestant believers as well (Eagle, 2006). For this community, the family is the core social structure. It is however to be noted that though men were traditionally the head and breadwinners, such have greatly changed due to economic hardships. Women are nowadays securing jobs to support their families. This community believes in unified family living as is witnessed in the way they treasure and respect extended families (Ramirez, 2004).
Second is the Puerto Rican Americans. This community hails from Puerto Rico which is a commonwealth of U.S. and thus is legally recognized as of the US (Tate, 2008). They speak Spanish as their primary language but most of them are fluent English which gives them a competitive advantage over other groups. English is commonly taught in their elementary classes making their second and further generations quit fluent in speaking the English language.

Religiously, Puerto Ricans are mainly Catholics with a varied mixture of Protestants mainly Baptist and Methodist (Tate, 2008). However, the community has notable number of members who belief in Muslim and other faiths or religions. This group is marked with strong religious background, an element which explains their high levels of friendliness and low divorce rates.

Politically, though considered as citizens of the US, they are legally allowed to participate in the nations presidential elections (Tate, 2008). They however have the constitutional right to enjoy all other political rights in the United States of America.

This group is found to have a strong family bond which forms the basis of its social life. It is also to be noted that due to their recognition of citizenship coupled with their ability to speak fluent English, the community find easy time joining the mainstream social culture of America (Eagle, 2006).

Economically, this group enjoys a number of privileges from the federal government. They are both exempted from federal taxes payment and are free to migrate and invest in the U.S (Ramirez, 2004). This gives them added advantage of job acquisition and business establishment over other groups due to their automatic citizenship acquisition on arrival.

Thirdly is the Cuban American community. The Cuban Americans mainly use Spanish as their primary language. The need for fluency in communicating in English has however forced many Cuban Americans to train and adopt English as a tool for realizing a competitive advantage in the job market. This has made English speaking more common in the upcoming generations of this group (Cohn  Hakimzadeh, 2007).
The Cuban Americans are mainly Roman Catholic faith believers. It has however been established that some Cuban Americans have adopted other religions such as protestant, Jewish and Santeria (Tate, 2008). Just to be noted is that some of them have no affiliated religion. This has been closely attributed to the widespread assimilation into the American culture of this community. Despite such assimilation the group still upholding and respects its strong family bonding practices (Eagle, 2006).

Economically, this group has lived to the dream of their ancestors by continuously involving themselves in entrepreneurship activities. This can be evidently proved by their devoted entrepreneurship efforts which saw the ultimate conversion of Miami their main living land into a modern city through business establishments (Tate, 2008). This is also closely tied to the communitys commitment to uphold and practice their Hispanic culture which makes Miami a Hispanic favorite city.

This group is legally allowed to fully participate in all political involvements of the American nation under the law of citizenship (Eagle, 2006). They can nominate and vote for their own political leaders. However, the group mainly practices conservative politics as can be witnessed from their current representatives in the House of Congress and the Senate.

Fourth is the Central Americans. This group mainly uses Spanish as there common language (Eagle, 2006). However, to gain sustainable acceptance in the American nation, many have struggled to survive by learning speaking English. Such struggles for improved acceptability, the group are marked with high rates of adoption in to the American culture.

In terms of economics, this group has evidently made much investment in America. This is because their main immigration motives are aimed at developing their motherland (Ramirez, 2004). It is due to this that the community is living in poor status but with notable investments back home. This community is not constitutionally allowed to participate in any national politics.

On the religious front, the community is marked with predominantly Roman Catholics. However, there also exist other religions such as Jewish and protestant as well as Afro-Christian in the community (Eagle, 2006).
This group, just like other upholds a strong link in culture, faith and family from its ancestors. It is indeed a direct result of this that the group has found much difficulty in assimilating the mainstream culture. They believe in communal life. It is however to be noted that such are currently changing due to the survival economic hardships.

In conclusion, all the Hispanic American communities discussed a number of common social, religious and linguistic aspects. They all have Spanish as their primary communication language and have a big treasure in upholding their traditions and cultural way of living (Eagle, 2006). Another similarity is that they all have Roman Catholic as their common religion. Lastly is that even those communities seen to have gained much assimilation into the mainstream American are still holding their strong respect and focus on the family bonding as is witnessed in their practice of communal living (Tate, 2008).

However, there are some notable differences among the communities mainly based on the reason for coming to the dreamland as well as their levels of assimilation into the mainstream culture of the American nation. An example is the fact that the Cuban Americans have assimilated the mainstream culture more easily compared to their Central American counterpart (Tate, 2008). Another difference is the constitutional recognition of the groups political rights. The Cuban Americans have full political rights unlike all other communities. The groups also varied economic interests. The Cuban Americans have evidently invested in the American land while other communities like the Mexican Americans are just engaged in little entrepreneurship activities.

The paper is devoted to the discussion of the environmental ethical issues. The history of environmental ethics is discussed. The current state of environmental issues is evaluated. The paper provides a general evaluation of the future tendencies and directions in the development of the environmental ethical science.

Environmental issues are fairly regarded as the most controversial and the most important issues in present day society. Environmental issues are everywhere in business, in politics, and in corporate policies. Environment has already turned into a matter and the determining factor of political and business success  only businesses that are considered sustainable and ecological and only politicians who display respect to environment and environmental issues have a solid chance to succeed in their professional endeavors. Although the history of environmental issues is relatively new and although environmental issues are surrounded by much controversy today, it is clear that the future of environmental issues in the world will be governed and guided by the intergenerational principles in other words, the need for environmental protection and conservation will be integrally linked to the societal obligation to preserve the environment for the future generations.

History and development of environmental issues
The history of environmental ethics goes back to the times, when the first environmental drawbacks of industrialization became obvious. However, it was not before the middle of the 1960s that environmental ethics was consolidated to become an academic science (Schmidtz  Willott, 2002). Although with time, environmental ethics came to dominate the current state of environmental thinking, it took several decades to recognize the real impact of humanity on the environment.

It would be correct to say that the middle of the 20th century became a turning point in the process of reconsidering the state of relationships between human beings and the nature around them, and the questioning and rethinking of the relationship between humans with the natural environment over the last thirty years reflected the already widespread perception in the 1960s that the late twentieth century faced a population time bomb and a serious environmental crisis (Schmidtz  Willott 2002, p. 23). As it often happens with society, crises become a serious driver in reconsidering the principles and standards of human relations with technology, science, politics, economics, international relations, and finally, environment, but nowhere else are the effects of these crises as long and durable as they are in the environmental issues. In many aspects, what has been written and said about environmental issues since the middle of the 20th century reflected and re-evaluated what had been told about environment in ancient times and in the middle ages (Lomborg, 2001), but the emerging environmental crisis became a good justification of the growing attention toward environment as the place in which humans are bound to live.

In 1967, Lynn White Jr. published her book about the roots and causes of the emerging environmental crisis  she was the first to see environmental ethical issues as the by-product of the human over-exploitation of the environment (Schmidtz  Willott, 2002). According to White, because humans historically viewed themselves as superior over other species on earth, they were not able to withstand the pressures of the environmental speculation and to stop the expansion of the environmental crisis on time (Schmidtz  Willott, 2002). In 1972, Dennis Meadows in his study of environmental ethics was the first to claim the need for changing the system of beliefs and values with respect to the environment at personal, national, and international levels (Schmidtz  Willott, 2002). At that time, environmental issues were gradually turning into the issues of the major societal concern and when, by the middle of the 1980s, international community was no longer concerned about the prospects of the third world war and the nuclear conflict between the USSR and the U.S., environmental ethics came to dominate the human thinking.

Environmental issues and the current state of world
In their current state, environmental issues often cross the reasonable boundaries and resemble a convenient tool of mass manipulation. Although the state of environment leaves much to be desired, individuals and whole societies face serious difficulties while trying to understand what is going on with the environment. The topic of global warming is the brightest example of how environmental ethical issues work in the present day world  while no reliable statistical or scientific information ever proved or denied the presence of the real environmental threat, global warming continues to be the source of the major societal fear. In one of its recent works, Greenpeace recognized that the truth is that many environmental issues we fought for ten years back are as good as solved. Even so, the strategy continues to focus on the assumption that everything is going to hell (Lomborg 2001, p. 18). In its current state, environmental ethics reveals both negative and positive aspects in our attitudes toward environment. On the one hand, that environmental ethics exists and seems to work effectively through the development of sustainable technologies and by changing the system of societal values signifies the shift in human consciousness toward better environment. On the other hand, environmental ethics often becomes a convenient tool of manipulation, which rejects the relevance of scientific and statistical figures and argues on faith that some technologies and values are better than the other ones to preserve the environment (Lomborg, 2001). Nevertheless, it is clear that environmental ethics will continue to dominate human thinking for years ahead.

Environmental ethics and the rights of the future generations
Despite the existing controversies, environmental ethics is likely to remain the major social trend in the coming decade, and the rights of the future generations are likely to become its determining feature. These intergenerational principles were first expressed by John Rawls, who was confident that we should choose principles the consequences of which they are prepared to live with whatever generation they turn out to belong to (Gillespie 2000, p. 114). That means that whatever the changes in environmental ethics are, they will seek to preserve environment for the future generations. As such, environmental ethics will work to leave sustainable environmental heritage and to lay the foundation for successful sustainable existence for the young descendants. I personally believe that much time will pass before we are able to define the boundary between real environmentalism and commercialism  in our society, these two elements are closely mixed and leave us no chance to identify the real state of art in the environmental ethics. As a result, the main task of environmental ethics is to distinguish between the real and the imagined state of the environment, because the latter often works for the benefit of the narrow financial and political interests of different societal players.

The history of environmental ethical issues is relatively new. It was not before the 1960s that environmental ethics became an academic science. In its present state, the impact and vision of the environmental ethical issues are two-fold on the one hand, the existence of environmental ethics as a science signifies a dramatic shift in the human consciousness. On the other hand, environmental ethics often becomes a convenient tool of mass manipulation. The future of the environmental ethical issues will be governed by the intergenerational principles, and much time will pass before we are able to distinguish between the real and the imagined state of the environment.

Most people usually fail to distinguish between a Muslim and an Arab, this is due to the fact that Islam started in the Middle East, Prophet Mohammed and the early Muslims were Arabs, and the Holy Quran written in Arabic.

Difference comes in that a Muslim is a person professing the Islamic religion while an Arab can be affiliated to any religious group. It is noted that Arabs predominantly come from Middle East and they follow the Arab Culture, a Muslim originates from any community all over the world. For instance in Kenya, each of the 42 communities has a number of Muslims. In the Middle East there are Arabs who are Jews, Christians or pagans. Not all Arabs are Muslims. Research shows that Islam is professed by about 1.5 billion people all over the world while the Arab is in millions (Rivera, 2008).

Some of the changes put in place concerning treatment of Muslim and Arabs are working with news media in the region and not put forth their own media outlets. Fully enforcing civil rights law and protecting religious liberty- people should be viewed as individuals based on their character and not in terms of their culture religion or race. Actively and fully connecting and improving interaction between Americans with the Arab and Muslims in USA. Taking proactive steps to prevent civil rights problems from happening. Moreover, United States of America especially after the bombing in America, September 11th, 2001 have really struggled to change the perception of its citizens towards Arabs and Muslims. The people are being made to understand that the war is not against any particular religion but against certain radical groups.

Characteristics of orientalism are Imitation or depiction, Ignorance and Pervasiveness. Orientalism, Prejudice, and Discrimination do not give the victim affair chance to defend themselves (Rivera, 2008). They are always assumed guilty until proven innocent this is quite unfair and unjustifiable. Precisely, orientalism, Prejudice, and Discrimination are always made out of ignorance, without full information utilization when making conclusions and always assassinate ones character. This ensures that innocent are not given their right. It is important that people are treated fairly. Let everyone be given fair trial.

Individuals can promote tolerance and reduce prejudice in their towns and cities by taking the initiative to accept, appreciate and respect other cultures and religions since America is a nation of diversity (Rivera, 2008). Individuals also need to fight the assumptions and stereotypes which have been cultivated over time and generalized about people and religion. Intermarriage is also a way which an individual may use since it involves intimacy thus silent communication of diversity appreciation.

Same sex partners in a committed relationship do not have the same rights as heterosexual partners and allowing gay marriage is one possible solution to that problem. However, the consequences of allowing such unions demand that homosexuality be rejected. In a society where homosexuality is exceedingly ubiquitous, it is almost illogical not to acknowledge gay marriages. Nonetheless, there are many who still deny it. This subject is one that has been in controversy for many years. The federal government has not passed any laws to uphold the validation of gay marriages, and in fact, has vetoed many propositions brought before them.

There are diverse opinions on the matter, since some believe gay relationships are morally erroneous. Therefore, permitting them would not only be against moral beliefs but religiously wrong. On the other hand, there are some that view gay relationships as not only acceptable but even approving of such marriages.
Which side of this argument is morally correct  Before making that decision, we must look at some basic information from both sides of this argument from a teleology aspect looking at the end outcome.Teleological ethics speaks of morality coming from duties or moral obligations from what is good or desirable as an end to be achieved, in other words, if then outcome is good than the action must be good.

Is gay marriage morally acceptable

Concepts
HomosexualityGay  this is a concept that is used in reference to engagement of two people of the same sex as marriage or sex partners.

Morality - this term is used to refer to the accepted ways of life in a given society.

Society - this is used to capture a group of people that are related in a way.

Individualism - it is an aspect that focuses on a persons stance.

Teleological theory - it is a theory that posits the importance of looking at issues in relation to outcome.

Possible Solutions to the Problem
There are a variety of logical solutions to this issue. At first, the proposal is that individuals be allowed to do what they feel is right for them. This in a sense indicates that they should be allowed to engage in gay marriages. Secondly, these individuals should observe societal traditions and brush aside the idea of gay marriage. These two offer moral solutions. Borrowing from the legal front, it is anchored in the constitution that individual happiness is of paramount importance, hence the need to legalise the gay unions. This is how the side denying gay marriage explains their beliefs. Social and religious conservatives appear to be moved by two main motivations. The major motivations touch on equality in respect to protection and rights. This is in their view supposed to cut across the two sexes (Robinson, 2007). A good number of conservative groups are known to preach that homosexuality is supposed to a choice to be left for the individual to make. They also believe that prayer can help in the reformation. It is fixed in adulthood. That a part of a persons identity is to be discovered, not chosen.  Additionally, many conservative faith groups teach that males and females are to be restricted to very distinct roles in families, in the workforce, and in religious institutions (Robinson, 2007).

The other is how the side, accepting gay marriages, believes that they should be made legal or at least considered. Public acceptance of homosexuality has increased in a number of ways in recent years, though it remains a deeply divisive issue (Kohut, 2006).  Marriage is a form of commitment and sacred ceremony.  Marriage forms a strong construction block for communities and families. When people wed, there is always an opportunity for people to meet and offer their blessings to the marrying couple. This occasion is seen to play a huge role in cementing the family institution as it brings people together

Assumptions
Society has an accepted way of life
Individuals have the right to lead their lives
Children also enjoy similar rights as adults
For a positive coexistence, the societal values must be held by all individuals
A section of society may fail to adhere to agreed upon rules
Homosexuality is unhealthy for society

In a society where homosexuality is exceedingly ubiquitous, it is almost illogical not to acknowledge gay marriages nonetheless, there are many who still deny it.  This subject is one that has been in controversy for many years.  The federal government has not passed any laws to uphold the validation of gay marriages, and in fact, has vetoed many propositions brought before them.  There are diverse opinions on the matter, since some believe gay relationships are morally erroneous therefore, permitting them to marry would not only be against their moral beliefs but religiously wrong.  On the other hand there are some that view gay relationships as not only acceptable, but even approving of marriage.  Which side of this argument is morally correct  Before making that decision, we must look at some basic information from both sides of this argument.

Information
Marriage secures and enriches relationships. Marriage as an institution is supposed to be accompanied by benefits both to the adults and children. According to recent researches, married people have been found to perform better in their jobs as compared to the rest. Their health, both physical and emotional is also catered for in these unions. It is also revealed that married people are relatively safer from violence than the others (Rector, Pardue,  Noyes, 2003).

Marriage among gay couples is a widely and morally accepted option in todays society and should be allowed in other states.  Our system is supposed to be a world of fairness among people, but when gay marriages are denied, the fairness is no longer visible.  Steps must be taken to correct this moral injustice. However, the concerns of its effects must be considered.

Moral reasoning
Teleological theories are those theories that are concerned with consequences or outcomes concerning an issue.  These are theories that hold that there is a connection between moral obligation and moral value (Beauchamp, 1991). In respect to this, I seek to address how the engagement in gay marriages affects societal cohesion.

In respect to the above realization, it is necessary that the outcomes of gay marriage be looked into. The major reason as to why same sex marriage should be rejected rests on te misery it is bound to expose children from these unions to.

In almost all areas of life, there is an emotional, social, cognitive, and developmental disorder that are known to affect children that are exposed to such traumas of missing one or both parents (Broad, 1930). It has been argued that both parents are supposed to be available to facilitate the normal development process for children. It is thought to help the children develop their sexual identity.

There are also other concerns that relate to same sex unions, for instance, there could be health risks and instability in relationships (Flew, 1979). If the union breaks up as these gay marriages are prone to, a devastating effect would follow the children. Heterosexuality is known to be the basis upon which society rests. An attempt to destabilize it would spell doom for the social fabric.

The other problem posed by the same sex marriage is premised on the fact that it creates a second structure in society. The sticky point is that these two sets of existence are extremely antagonistic. The characteristics of these people are totally different from the other set of people. Tying the above two together, fatherlessness and motherlessness holds different consequences for children. Children from such unions will found difficulties in fitting to the society. On the basis of these adverse effects that homosexual relations raise, it is proposed that the gay marriages should be illegalized and objected to by the whole society.

Consequences
The proposed moral solution does not deviate from the current common view on gay marriage. In that regard the consequences would include homosexual engagements in secrecy, denial of individual rights to happiness, and commonality in the social structure (Kamm, 1996).

Gay marriage is not allowed legally in many countries. This does not however imply its absence. It is believed that those engagements are carried out in secrecy to deceive authorities. These secret affairs may portend adverse effects to the victims as it denies them the right to freely associated with the rest of society as these individuals tend to withdraw.

One of the basic tenets of human existence rests on the premise that every individual should be free in making choices that increase their happiness. If homosexuality helps to raise individual happiness, then it follows that those interested in homosexuality should be allowed to pursue whatever they want. However, this should be done if it does not infringe on the rights of the rest. However, a dilemma here is whether there is any logic to uphold societal good against individual good. At a personal level, the society should be secondary to individual needs. But as currently constituted, the world in this respect is seen to value societal cohesion ahead of individual preferences.

As it is currently, pressure is mounting on authorities to push for the allowance of gay marriage. This may be morally wrong but it appears to be the most likely alternative. On the basis of this proposal, it is realized that a moral solution is most appropriate to the question at hand because it is basically a moral question though changes in society point to a different direction.  However, it is worthy that such solutions should be adopted as legislations if they are to be effective.

On the basis of late developments and as this paper finds, it is necessary to target a legislative mechanism in addressing this problem. It would take like six months to lobby the congressman and get them to support such legislation. That is to say that in six months time, an ambitious lobbying campaign can manage to have a policy that allows for gay marriage.